Theodore Roosevelt’s Carriage Accident, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (3)

The wrecked carriage that President Theodore Roosevelt had been riding in on South Street in Pittsfield on September 3, 1902. Image courtesy of the Harvard Library, Theodore Roosevelt Collection.

The scene in 2023:

As explained in more detail in an earlier post, this spot on South Street was the site of a collision between an electric trolley and a horse-drawn carriage that was carrying President Theodore Roosevelt on September 3, 1902. It occurred on a section of South Street just south of the culvert over Wampenum Brook, when both the carriage and the trolley were heading south toward Pittsfield Country Club. Just beyond the culvert, the roadway narrowed, requiring southbound vehicles to cross over the tracks to continue.

The trolley, which was car 29 of the Pittsfield Street Railway, was filled with passengers hoping to see the president at the country club. Its conductor was James T. Kelly, and it was operated by motorman Euclid Madden. In the carriage, aside from the president, was Governor Winthrop Murray Crane, Roosevelt’s aide George Cortelyou, Secret Service bodyguard William Craig, and driver David J. Pratt. The carriage itself was a landau, and had a team of four horses.

The exact speed of the trolley was later subject to much debate, with some claiming that the crew was being pressured to travel at an unsafe speed to overtake the president before he reached the country club. Either way, at around 9:45 a.m. the trolley struck the left front wheel of the carriage while the carriage was starting to cross the tracks. The impact threw both Craig and Pratt from the carriage, killing Craig instantly and severely injuring Pratt. The other three occupants sustained relatively minor injuries, although Roosevelt had a cut on his lower lip, bruising and swelling on his face, a black eye, and a bruised left shin.

In the aftermath, once Roosevelt discovered that Craig was dead, the president confronted the motorman, with the next day’s Boston Globe quoting him as saying:

This is the most damnable outrage I ever knew. If you lost control of your car, there is some excuse, but if you tried to pass us, disregarding all our warnings, you ought to be punished.

Other accounts add that Roosevelt shook his fist while saying this, and then questioned Madden about why he was operating the trolley in such a manner, to which Madden supposedly protested that he had the right of way.

Following this confrontation, the president and his party went to the home of Maroa Stevens, a 53-year-old widow who lived in the house directly across the street from the accident. This house was blocked from view in the top photo because of the wrecked carriage and the bystanders in the foreground, but it is still standing here, and it is shown in the center of the bottom photo. There, his surgeon treated his injuries, and he rested and recuperated in the house for about a half hour. During that time, a new carriage was obtained, and he then continued his journey toward Lenox and eventually back to his home on Long Island by the end of the day.

Today, the scene looks very different from its appearance in 1902, and there are no historical markers or other indication that the accident occurred here. The only readily-identifiable landmarks from contemporary accounts of the accident are the culvert over the Wampenum Brook, which is located on the far left side of the photo, and the Stevens house in the center of the photo.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Carriage Accident, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (2)

Another view of the scene of Theodore Roosevelt’s carriage accident, looking south on South Street in Pittsfield on September 3, 1902. Image courtesy of the Harvard Library, Theodore Roosevelt Collection.

The scene in 2023:

As explained in more detail in the previous post, this spot on South Street in Pittsfield was the site of a collision between an electric trolley and a horse-drawn carriage that was carrying President Theodore Roosevelt. It occurred during a two-week long campaign trip through New England, when the president was stumping for Republican candidates in the upcoming midterm congressional elections.

At the time of the accident, both the trolley and the president’s carriage were traveling southbound on South Street, in the direction of the Pittsfield Country Club. To the north of this spot, near the culvert over the Wampenum Brook, South Street was relatively wide in 1902, and it had a trolley line that ran down the center of the roadway, as shown in the foreground of the top photo. However, just a little farther in the distance, the roadway narrows on the right side, and as a result the trolley tracks shift from the center to the right side of the road, as seen in the distance. This required southbound vehicles to cross the tracks around this spot, in order to continue southward.

That was exactly what Roosevelt’s carriage driver, David J. Pratt, was attempting to do here on the morning of September 2, 1902. However, an electric trolley was also approaching the spot at the same time, and struck the left front wheel of the carriage, along with one of the horses. The impact threw Pratt and Roosevelt’s Secret Service bodyguard, William Craig, from the carriage. Craig was killed instantly, and Pratt was seriously injured. The other occupants, who included Roosevelt, Massachusetts Governor Winthrop Murray Crane, and Roosevelt’s aide George Cortelyou, were able to walk away from the accident, although Roosevelt sustained a cut on his lower lip, bruising and swelling on his face, a black eye, and a bruised left shin.

The top photo shows the scene shortly after the accident, facing south on South Street in the direction of travel. The narrowing of the road is visible here, with the trolley tracks starting in the lower left corner in the center of the road, before shifting over to the right side in the distance. The bottom photo shows the same scene in 2023, although it looks very different now that South Street is a busy paved road. It is part of U.S. Route 20 now, and it  is much wider, with two travel lanes and a center turn lane. As a result, the only obvious feature that still exists from the top photo is the hill itself, which rises up to where the Pittsfield Country Club is still located.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Carriage Accident, Pittsfield, Massachusetts

The scene of an accident involving President Theodore Roosevelt’s horse-drawn carriage and an electric trolley, on South Street near Wampenum Brook, on September 3, 1902. Image courtesy of the Harvard Library, Theodore Roosevelt Collection.

The scene in 2023:

These two photos show the spot in Pittsfield where Theodore Roosevelt was nearly killed when a trolley collided with his carriage while he was traveling through Pittsfield during a speaking tour across New England. Although he survived the accident, his Secret Service bodyguard was killed, making it the first time that a Secret Service agent was killed in the line of duty while protecting the president. Roosevelt himself suffered a leg injury that developed into a life-threatening infection. His leg never fully healed, and the injury may have ultimately been a contributing factor in his death 17 years later.

The accident occurred on the last day of a two-week trip across New England. Roosevelt had been president for just under a year at this point, having become president after William McKinley’s assassination in September 1901. His New England tour involved campaigning for various Republican congressional candidates, in an effort to maintain Republican control of the House and Senate. Over the course of the two weeks, Roosevelt traveled through Connecticut, Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. He spent all day on September 2 traveling throughout central and western Massachusetts, including stops in Millers Falls, Orange, Athol, Fitchburg, Leominster, Worcester, Springfield, and Westfield, before spending the night in Dalton at the home of Governor Winthrop Murray Crane.

The next day, September 3, Roosevelt gave a speech at the town hall in Dalton. He then traveled to Pittsfield, gave a speech at Park Square, and then visited former U.S. Senator Henry L. Dawes at his house on Elm Street. From there, he continued south on his way to Lenox, and the route was to include a brief stop at the Pittsfield Country Club. Roosevelt traveled in a four-horse landau that driven by David J. Pratt, a coachman and livery stable owner from Dalton. Along with the president, the carriage also included Governor Crane, Roosevelt’s aide George Cortelyou, and his Secret Service bodyguard, William Craig.

Also traveling south on South Street was car 29 of the Pittsfield Street Railway, which was being operated despite an earlier agreement with the mayor to suspend trolley service while the president was in Pittsfield. It had a large number of passengers who were apparently hoping to see the president speak at the country club, and its crew consisted of conductor James T. Kelly and motorman Euclid Madden.

About a mile south of Park Square, South Street crosses a bridge over railroad tracks. From there, the road goes downhill for about a quarter mile to a culvert over the Wampenum Brook, before beginning an incline toward the country club. Back in 1902, the trolleys ran on South Street along a single track that was generally in the center of the roadway. However, the roadway narrowed just beyond the culvert, and the tracks shifted over from the center to the west side of the road. This meant that southbound vehicles driving on the right side of the tracks would run out of room once they got across the culvert, and would have to cross over the tracks at an oblique angle in order to continue southward.

This is what David Pratt did as he was driving the president’s carriage along South Street at around 9:45 a.m. However, just as he was starting the turn, trolley car 29 was approaching this same spot. Exactly how fast motorman Madden was traveling was later subject to much debate, but he was unable to stop in time, and struck the front left wheel of the carriage, along with the horse that was directly in front of it. The impact threw both Pratt and Secret Service agent William Craig from their elevated positions on the box, and the trolley dragged the carriage and horses for about 40 feet before it came to a stop.

In a subsequent newspaper article published on September 5, 1902, Governor Crane’s secretary John B. Smith provided a description of the accident. He had been traveling in another carriage behind the president’s, and he observed:

I was riding with my back to the horses. As we moved along the electric car passed, or rather whizzed, by. My judgment was that it went at a speed of about 20 miles an hour. I then made some remark about the speed of the car to those in the carriage with me. Suddenly our carriage came to a halt. The stop was so quick that I thought something was wrong, and I immediately stood in my place and looked ahead. I quickly saw that something had indeed happened.

I have read in some newspapers of shrieks and cries that greeted the collision. As a matter of fact there was not a shriek. On the contrary, the silence was awful and appalling. People looked at one another, but said not a word, nor was a cry raised. The terrible feeling that the president of the nation was in that wreck seemed to silence everybody.

Of course, in less time than it takes to tell it we had left our carriage and gone forward. At first it appeared that there was a perfect mass of men entangled in the wreck. As I approached the scene I saw the governor rise. One look at his face and I knew that he was unhurt. Then the president appeared. He, too, was apparently unscathed, but a bit dazed. For a moment he seemed clearly angry and indignant. He quickly conquered and controled himself. In fact, he acted admirably throughout the whole trying situation and after.

Although Roosevelt and Crane were able to walk away from the accident, William Craig was killed instantly. After being thrown from the carriage, the trolley wheels passed directly over him. Pratt, the carriage driver, was badly hurt when the injured horse fell on top of him. He suffered a dislocated shoulder, a sprained ankle, and cuts to his face, and the initial news reports incorrectly stated that he was not expected to survive. 

As Smith described, Roosevelt’s initial response was anger, upon seeing that Craig had been killed. The two men had been friends, with Craig having served as his bodyguard for a year after Roosevelt became president. He directed his anger toward the motorman, Euclid Madden. According to the next day’s Boston Globe coverage, Roosevelt told him:

This is the most damnable outrage I ever knew. If you lost control of your car, there is some excuse, but if you tried to pass us, disregarding all our warnings, you ought to be punished.

Other accounts add that Roosevelt shook his fist while saying this, and then questioned Madden about why he was operating the trolley in such a manner, to which Madden supposedly protested that he had the right of way.

Following this confrontation, the president and his party went to the home of Maroa Stevens, a 53-year-old widow who lived at 539 South Street, directly across from the scene of the accident. There, Roosevelt’s surgeon Dr. Lung treated his injuries, which included a cut on his lower lip, bruising and swelling on his face, and a black eye. He also bruised his left shin, although it took time to realize the seriousness of this particular injury. Dr. Lung also treated George Cortelyou here, who was hit in the back of the head during the accident. They spent about a half hour resting and recuperating here, and in the meantime Craig’s body was removed, Pratt was transported to the hospital, the injured horse was euthanized, and a new carriage was obtained for the president.

The top photo was taken in the immediate aftermath of the accident, facing north up South Street. On the far left side is the president’s carriage, and in the center of the scene is car 29, the trolley that was involved in the accident. It appears to have been moved backwards away from the site of the accident by the time the photo was taken. Just out of view on the far right side is the Stevens house. It seems unclear whether Roosevelt was still here when the photo was taken, or if he had already continued southward.

Roosevelt made brief appearances at his scheduled stops for the remainder of the day, but these tended to have a somber tone, given the circumstances of Craig’s death. At Lenox he spoke to a crowd in front of the Curtis Hotel, telling them:

We have met with an accident. One of our party, a faithful friend, has been killed. He was the most faithful man I ever knew, and my children fairly worshiped him. Our driver is undoubtedly fatally injured. Under the circumstances, it is, of course, impossible for me to say more to you than that I deeply appreciate your kindly greetings. I ask that you not cheer or applaud.

He made similar stops in Stockbridge and Great Barrington, and then in New Milford and Bridgeport, Connecticut, before boarding his yacht in the evening and sailing back to his home in Oyster Bay. Over the next few weeks, he would downplay the seriousness of his own injuries, including a speech on September 15 when he reassured his listeners that “it takes more than a trolley car accident to knock me out, and more than a crowd to tire me.” However, the reality was that his shin was becoming dangerously infected, leading to an emergency surgery while on the campaign trail in Indianapolis on September 23. The procedure involved draining an abscess, and it was extremely painful for Roosevelt, who chose to not have anesthesia. He made it through, but the infection ended up returning, and he needed a second operation on September 28. This time, Roosevelt’s pain was eased by some whiskey and cocaine.

The president was in a wheelchair for the next few weeks, but the leg never really fully healed, and it would remain a chronic issue for him for the rest of his life. In fact, it may have ended up being a contributing factor in his death in 1919, which is believed to have been from a pulmonary embolism. Given Roosevelt’s adventure-seeking lifestyle and his general disregard for his personal health, it’s obviously hard to pin down exactly what may have led to his relatively early death at the age of 60, but it is certainly plausible that the nagging injury from the trolley accident may have played a role in it.

In the meantime, both the conductor and motorman were arrested after the accident and charged with manslaughter. They would both eventually be indicted and plead guilty, but in the end only Madden was prosecuted and sentenced for it. His statement, which he gave on the day of his arrest, tells his version of the accident:

We were going down the hill not faster than eight miles an hour. I had the power off and the brake was on a bit to hold the car in check, as there were lots of teams and a big crowd at the foot of the hill. I was not watching any particular carriage, but was keeping my eye out for all. When we were about 10 feet behind the president’s carriage, Mr. Pratt suddenly swung his horses across the track. I reversed the power but could not stop the car in time to prevent the accident. When the car struck the wheel horse and the carriage, Mr. Craig fell, right off the seat in front of the car. I did not see David J. Pratt at all, and I do not think that anyone in the carriage fell out, as near as I could see. After the car struck the carriage it was pushed about the length of a car and a half. I have been on the Pittsfield road just a year, and until two weeks ago was on the Pontoosuc division when I was transferred to the Country club route. I have lived in Pittsfield nearly all my life, and my home is now at 117 Alder street, where my wife and five children live.

One of the rumors that soon began circulating was that Madden was being pressured by the people on the trolley to speed up, so that they could arrive at the country club in time for the president’s brief stop. Many witnesses did state that the trolley was going at a high rate of speed, including the governor’s secretary who, as quoted earlier, estimated the speed as 20 miles an hour. But Madden denied hearing anyone instructing him to go faster, and stated that even if he had heard them, he would not have done so.

Interestingly, the street railway company gave their full support to their employees. Their lawyer represented them in court, and neither were terminated. Kelly was back on the job the day after his release, and Madden, who ended up spending six months in jail, received his full salary throughout his incarceration and was subsequently reinstated at the end of his sentence. This, of course, raises questions about why the company was so supportive of them. Were they fiercely loyal to their employees? Or, as the rumors alleged, had he been pressured by company officials on the trolley to travel at an unsafe speed, in order to arrive at the country club before the president? Did they make a deal with Madden to have his back as long as he kept his mouth shut? It’s hard to say for sure, but it certainly seems plausible.

The accident also raises a number of hypothetical what-if scenarios. Had the timing of the accident been off by just a few seconds, or if Roosevelt had been sitting in a different part of the carriage, it is entirely possible that he, rather than Craig, could have been crushed beneath the wheels of the trolley. Likewise, his infected leg could very well have resulted in his death, if not for the two successful operations. Because Roosevelt had been vice president before succeeding to the presidency after McKinley’s assassination, and because there was no method for appointing a new vice president at the time, the next in line for the presidency would have been Secretary of State John Hay. Roosevelt considered this possibility ahead of his first surgery, and spoke to his Secretary of War, Elihu Root about becoming Secretary of State, since he did not think that Hay would be up for the task of the presidency. However, because Root was neither appointed nor confirmed as Secretary of State, it seems unclear how this would have played out if Roosevelt had died on the operating table.

In the long run, an untimely Roosevelt death from this accident would have far-reaching implications throughout the 20th century and beyond. Not only would it have meant a different foreign policy rather than Roosevelt’s imperialism, but it also would have meant that he would not have been around to play the spoiler in the 1912 election, which may have meant no Woodrow Wilson during World War I. This would have meant a different American approach to the war, which in turn would have potentially changed the timing and outcome of the war. Which of course would also affect World War II, the Cold War, and many other aspects of world history.

But, hypothetical scenarios aside, here in Pittsfield the city seems to have been eager to move on and forget about the time that they almost killed the president. But, for Euclid Madden, it was not so easy to escape his notoriety from the accident. He remained in Pittsfield for the rest of his life, working for the street railway and later for General Electric, and he died in 1931 at the age of 69. And, of course, his role in the accident would follow him to the end. His death earned him a lengthy obituary in the Berkshire County Eagle, but almost the entire article was focused on the accident that he had been involved in nearly 30 years earlier.

Here on South Street, there are no historical markers or any other indications of what occurred on this site in 1902, and the street itself looks very different from its appearance in the top photo. The narrowness of the old dirt road had been a contributing factor in the accident, but this is no longer an issue, with two paved travel lanes and a center turn lane. The trolley tracks that once ran down the middle of the road are long gone, and even the culvert, which had played a central role in the accident, is now barely noticeable except for the guardrails on the side of the road. Probably the single most significant surviving landmark from the accident is the Stevens house, where Roosevelt received first aid. It still stands on the right side, although it is not visible from this angle.

The text of this article is based on Episode 9: Damnable Outrage from my Western Mass History podcast. For more information about the accident, check out the episode, or listen to my other episodes about the history of Western Massachusetts.

For more then-and-now images of the accident scene, see the posts here and here.

Country Club, Pittsfield, Mass

The Country Club of Pittsfield, on South Street, around 1900-1906. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection.

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The scene in 2016:

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The Country Club of Pittsfield was established on this site on South Street in 1900, but the building that became the clubhouse actually dates back more than a century earlier. It was built in 1785 by Henry Van Schaack, who lived here until 1807. During this time, he entertained visitors such as Alexander Hamilton, Chief Justice John Jay, and Senator Philip Schuyler. From 1816 to 1837, it was the home of author Herman Melville’s uncle, Thomas Melville.By this point, Pittsfield was becoming a popular destination for some of the great writers of the era, and Thomas’s son Robert took advantage of this. He purchased the house from his father in 1837 and opened Melville Hall, a resort whose guests included literary figures such as Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

In 1850, the house was sold to the Morewood family, who renamed it Broad Hall and lived here for the next 50 years. Prominent guests continued to visit here during this time, including former president John Tyler. After the Morewoods sold the property to the country club in 1900, the house very nearly hosted another president. Theodore Roosevelt was in Pittsfield on September 3, 1902, and was traveling in a horse-drawn carriage on South Street, heading for the country club. With him was governor Winthrop M. Crane, along with several others. Shortly before reaching the country club, the carriage was hit by a speeding trolley, throwing the occupants out of the carriage. Roosevelt suffered a bloody lip and bruised face, and was reportedly only two inches away from being crushed by the wheels of the trolley, but was otherwise unhurt, and later remarked that “It takes more than a trolley accident to knock me out.” However, Secret Service agent William Craig was killed in the accident, making him the first agent to be killed in the line of duty.

Today, the country club is still located on this property, although the clubhouse has significantly expanded from its original 18th century building. The historic structure is still easily distinguished from the modern additions, though. It still has its distinct Federal architecture, and aside from its connection to so many historic figures, it also serves as a rare example of an 18th century mansion in Pittsfield.

Park Square, Pittsfield, Mass (5)

The view looking east down East Street from Park Square in Pittsfield, around 1910-1920. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection.

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Park Square in 2016:

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The first photo shows a quiet day in the center of Pittsfield. A couple of groundskeepers maintain Park Square, with the man in overalls on the right operating a push mower. Another man, barely visible in the distance beyond the sign, also appears to be pushing a lawnmower. At the end of the walkway in the center of the photo, a couple of boys play on an old cannon that probably dated back to the Civil War. The only other person visible in the scene is a woman in a black skirt, white blouse, and large hat who is crossing East Street on the far left.

In the foreground, a sundial marks time in the center of Park Square, and to the left of it a sign commemorates the site of America’s first cattle show, which was held here in 1810. It also marks the spot of the “old elm,” which stood there until 1864. This tree towered over the center of Pittsfield since the town was settled in the 1750s. In fact, it was the center of Pittsfield – the surveyor who laid out the downtown area in 1752 used it as the center. It survived numerous proposals to remove it, and by the early 19th century it had become a major landmark, with Park Squre encircling it. In 1825, during his tour of the United States, the Marquis de Lafayette stopped here and gave a speech from under the tree. Later on, the iconic tree was mentioned in the writings of both Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. However, by 1864 the ancient tree was in danger of falling, and with much reluctance it was taken down.

Today, Park Square is still the main focal point of downtown Pittsfield. East Street in the distance has changed somewhat over the past century, and is no longer a predominantly residential street. Most of the houses that would have been present in the distance of the first photo are gone, but many of the buildings around Park Square are still standing. These include the Berkshire County Courthouse, St. Stephen’s Church, the old town hall, the First Church, the Berkshire County Savings Bank, and the Berkshire Life Insurance Company. All of these historic buildings, along with Park Square itself, are part of the Park Square Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.

City Hall, Pittsfield, Mass

The Post Office building, which later became City Hall, on Allen Street in Pittsfield, around 1910-1930. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection.

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City Hall in 2016:

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For many years, it was common for post offices, even in relatively large cities and towns, to be located within commercial buildings rather than in separate buildings. Springfield, for example, did not get its first purpose-built post office until 1890. Here in Pittsfield, the post office had been located in the Berkshire Life Insurance Company building until 1910, when this post office opened on Allen Street.

Its classical revival architecture was designed by James Knox Taylor, who, as Supervising Architect of the Treasury was responsible for designing government buildings across the country. Its design was fairly standard for post offices of the era, but its location was somewhat unusual. It is located at the corner of Allen and Federal Streets, two relatively minor side streets a block away from the far busier North and East Streets. However, it served its purpose well, and was used as a post office for over a half century until it closed in 1966.

After the post office left, the building was renovated into City Hall, replacing the much older building a block away, which had served as the seat of Pittsfield’s municipal government since 1832. It has remained in use ever since, and has now been City Hall for almost as long as it had been a post office. The original interior has been somewhat altered over the years, but exterior is essentially unchanged from the first photo, aside from the significant addition in the back.